Article
Article name Khalkhas Tsogtu Khuntaiji: Dissonance of Assessments in Historiography
Authors Poogoo Chultemsuren .. Scientific Researcher, chultemsuren@yahoo.com
Gombozhapov A.D. Candidate of History, Leading Researcher, agombozh@gmail.com
Bibliographic description Poogoo Chultemsuren, Gombozhapov A. D. Khalkhas Tsogtu Khuntaiji: Dissonance of Assessments in Historiography // Humanitarian Vector. 2022. Vol. 17, No. 3. PP. 128–135. DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17- 3-128-135.
Section ARCHEOGRAPHY: CULTURAL CODES OF ASIA
UDK 94(510)
DOI 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-128-135
Article type Original article
Annotation The article presents an analysis of the political and religious activities of Tsogtu Khuntaiji, one of the controversial personalities in the history of Mongolia. In the analysis of the activities of Tsogtu Khuntaiji, the historical- biographical method was applied. It made it possible to trace the origins of the political views of Tsogtu Khuntaiji. The application of the comparative historical method revealed common features and similarities in the political trends of Inner (Southern) and Khalkha (Northern) Mongolia. Analytical comparison of the main circumstances of the political struggle among the ruling stratum showed that the religious factor has become the main dividing line of the warring parties. Using the materials of written and folklore sources, the motives and reasons that prompted Tsogtu Khuntaiji to come out as a supporter of Ligden Khan are traced. The latter was the bearer of the title of Great khan and sought to revive a single Mongolian state. To resolve this issue, the nature of the relationship between Tsogto Khuntaiji and the influential princely houses of Khalkha is considered. It is shown that the general dissatisfaction of the nobility with the activities of Tsogto Khuntaiji was expressed in the person of the rulers of large Mongolian specific possessions: Sain-noyon, Tushetu-khan and Setsen-khan. The support of Tsogto Khuntaiji for the policy of centralization of power in the hands of the Chakhar Ligden Khan led, in the conditions of the specificity of the Mongol rulers of Khalkha, to his gradual isolation, which eventually turned into expulsion from his native lands. An external factor was added to the complex tangle of interweaving of internal political conditions and religious relations ‒ the emerging state of the Manchus, which, having become the center of attraction for the Mongolian elite, was interested in the fragmentation of the Mongolian political space. It is possible that the political position of Tsogto Khuntaiji acquired its final features precisely under the influence of this circumstance.
Key words Tsogtu Khuntaiji, Khalkha, Mongolia, Buddhism, Sakya, Gelug, Ligdаn-khan
Article information
References 1. Perdue, P. Boundaries, Maps, and Movement: Chinese, Russians, and Mongolian Empires in Early Modern Central Eurasia. The International History Review, no. 20, pp. 263–286, 1998. (In Engl.) 2. Perdue, P. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. (In Engl.) 3. Ermachenko, I. S. Policy of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in Southern and Northern Mongolia in the 17th century. M: Vost. lit., 1974. (In Rus.) 4. Chimitdorzhiev, Sh. B. National liberation movement of the Mongolian people in the XVII–XVIII centuries. Ulan-Ude: BNTs SB RAS Publishing House, 2002. (In Rus.) 5. Lkhamsuren, M. E. The Taiji government and the rise of the warrior state: the formation of the Qing imperial constitution. Leiden: Brill, 2021. (In Engl.) 6. Di Cosmo, N. Competing Strategies of Great Khan Legitimacy in the Context of the Chaqar-Manchu Wars. Imperial Statecraft: Political Forms and Techniques of Governance in Inner Asia, Sixth–Twentieth Centuries. Bellingham: Western Washington University Press. 2006: 1620–1634. (In Engl.) 7. Elliott, M. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. (In Engl.) 8. Elverskog, J. Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, and the State in Late Imperial China. University of Hawaii Press, 2006. (In Engl.) 9. Vladimirtsov, B. Ya. Inscriptions on the rocks of the Khalkha Tsogtu-taiji. Article one. Izvestiya of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. VI series, issue. 13–14, pp. 1253–1280, 1926. (In Rus.) 10. Vladimirtsov, B. Ya. Inscriptions on the rocks of the Khalkha Tsoktu-taiji. Article two. Izvestiia of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. VI series, v. 21, issue. 2, 215–240, 1927. (In Rus.) 11. Skrynnikova, T. D. Lamaist church and state. Outer Mongolia. XVI ‒ the beginning of the XX century. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1988. (In Rus.) 12. Vanchikova, Ts. P. Buddhism in Mongolia: history, clergy, monasteries. Irkutsk: Publishing House “Ottisk”, 2019. (In Rus.) 13. Enkhae, Ts. The Manchu invasion and the political activity of Ligden Khan, Proceedings of the Conference on New Approaches and Challenges in Mongolian Historical Research (XVII–XX). Sendai, 2009: 30–45. (In Mong.) 14. Perle, S. Khalkh’s newly discovered death-honorary memorial. Two rare documents related to the cultural history of Mongolia and Central Asian countries. Monumenta Historica. V. VI, fasc. I-II. Ulaanbaatar, 1974. (In Mong.) 15. Natsagdorj Sh. History of Khalkh. Ulaanbaatar, 2008. (In Mong.) 16. Wallace, V. A. (ed.). Buddhism in Mongolian History, Culture, and Society. Oxford University Press, 2015. (In Engl.) 17. Kitinov, B. U. The Spread of Buddhism Among Western Mongolian Tribes Between the Thirteenth and Eighteenth Centuries. – Lewiston, Queenstone, Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2010. (In Rus.) 18. Perle, S. Mongolian inscription of a part of a house. Assembly of Creation. Volume III. Ulaanbaatar: Published by “BEMBI SAN” publishing house, 2012: 272–281. (In Mong.) 19. Sosorbaram, Ch. Chinggis Khan’s Geopolitics: Covering and Defense System of Mongolia: Analysis of Military History from the 12th Century to the 18th Century. Ulaanbaatar, 2012. (In Mong.) 20. Skrynnikova, T. D. Charisma and Power During the Epoch of Genghis Khan. St. Petersburg, 2013. (In Rus.) 21. Trepavlov, V. V. Steppe empires of Eurasia: Mongols and Tatars. Moscow: Quadriga, 2015. (In Rus.) 22. Afonina, E. N. On the assessment of the policy of the Tumet Altan Khan (1507–1581). Mongolica-VI. St. Petersburg: Petersburg Oriental Studies, 2003: 39–47. (In Rus.) 23. Laird, T. The story of Tibet: conversations with the Dalai Lama. Grove/Atlantic, Inc., 2007. (In Rus.)
Full articleKhalkhas Tsogtu Khuntaiji: Dissonance of Assessments in Historiography
0
27